Only adequately cooked seafood.The main route of HCV transmission in industrialized countries is injection drug use, whereas in resource-limited countries the major routes are iatrogenic, blood transfusions and medical procedures The need for booster doses cannot be determined because hepatitis A vaccines haveīeen under evaluation for only a short time. In double-blind, controlled, randomized trials, the protective efficacy in preventing Onset of protection has not been established but likely requires 2 to 4 weeks. In the United States. Immune globulin is considered protective against hepatitis A immediately after administration, whereas the precise time required from receiving 1 dose of vaccine to Two inactivated hepatitis A vaccines currently are available Immune Globulin (IG), when given within 2 weeks afterĮxposure to HAV, is greater than 85% effective in preventing symptomatic infection. Repeated exposure during subsequent travel Work in child care settings should be excluded for 1 week after onset of the illness.Īnd/or passive prophylaxis include the interval before departure, the relative costs andĪvailability of IG and hepatitis A vaccine, the duration of the stay, and the likelihood of The major methods for prevention of HAV infections are improved sanitationĬhildren and adults with acute HAV infection who work as food handlers or attend or In addition to standard precautions, contact precautions are recommended for Direct detectionīy immunologic or EM not widely available IgM indicates past infection and immunity. The presence of IgG antibodies to -HAV without Serum IgM is present at the onset of illness and usually disappears withinĤ months but may persist for 6 months or longer. Serologic tests for HAV-specific total and immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibody Infection is endemic, most persons are infected during the first decade of life inĭeveloped countries, infection may occur at an older age. Personal contact with a child care center Weeks before the onset of illness, when patients are most likely to transmit HAV.Ī close personal contact with a person infected with hepatitis A In most infected persons, the highest titers of HAV in stool occur during the 1 to 2 Filter-feeding shelfish, such as oysters, clams and mussels

Eating raw oysters harvested from fecallyĬontaminated water. The most common mode of transmission is person-to-person, resulting from fecal contamination and oral ingestion, ie, Hepatitis is rare but is more frequent in persons with underlying liver disease. Prolonged or relapsing disease lasting as long as 6 months can occur. Symptomatic and typically lasts several weeks, with jaundice occurring in approximately Symptomatic hepatitis occurs in approximately 30% of infected children younger than 6 years of age few of theseĪmong older children and adults, infection usually is Hepatitis A characteristically is an acute selflimited illness associated with fever, It can survive readily in a variety of environments, including seawater. HAV is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the picornavirus Diagnosis of infectious hepatitis includes infection with

Hepatitis a transmission mode